Limitations of First Law of Thermodynamics
Though the first law of thermodynamics gives us the exact equivalence of heat and work, whenever there is a change of heat into work or vice versa, it suffers from the following two limitations:
(a) No indication is available about the direction in which the change will proceed.
(b) This law can easily explain the heating of bullet when it strikes a block due to the conversion of kinetic energy into heat, but it fails to explain as to why heat in the block cannot be changed into kinetic energy of bullet and make it fly back from inside of the block.
(c) Practically it is not possible to convert the heat energy into an equivalent amount of work.
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